Almostallanimalswithaspineyawn.Penguinsdoitasamatingritual,snakesdoittorealigntheirjawsafteramealandguineapigsdoittodisplayanger,Sowhyexactlydohumansyawn?Andisyawningactuallycontagious?
几乎所有的有脊椎动物都会打哈欠。企鹅以此为求偶仪式,餐后蛇借此来整理下颌,荷兰猪借此表达愤怒。那么人为什么要打哈欠呢?哈欠有传染性吗?
Ifyouareanythinglikeus,youmayhaveevenyawnedatthetitleofthisvideo.Thetruthis:thefirsttimeyouyawnedwaslikelyasafetus.Babiesbegintoyawnduringthesecondtrimesterandthoughthereasonwhystillunknown,itmayhavetodowithproperbraindevelopment.Inadults,yawnswerecommonlythoughttodrawmoreexygensintothelungsmakingyoufeellesstired,butnewresearchesstatesthatthismaynotbethecase.
如果你和我们一样看到视频名字时可能就已经打哈欠了。其实你第一次打哈欠应该是在胎儿时期。婴儿会在3-6月开始打哈欠尽管原因尚不明了,但这可能和大脑发育有关。而成人打哈欠常被认为是要向肺部充入更多氧气来缓解疲劳,不过新研究却另有其词。
Scientistsnowbelievethatyawninghasdevelopedawayofphysiologicallycoolingyourbrain.Muchlikeacomputer,youbrainworkbestatacertaintemperature,andtriestoavoidoverheating.Anditturnsout,yawningincreasesyourheartrate,bloodflowandtheuseofmusclesinyourface,whichareallessentialtocoolyourbrain.
科学家认为打哈欠是在通过生理的方式给大脑降温。和电脑一样人脑也有特定的最佳工作温度,并且也会防止自身过热。事实上打哈欠可以提升心率血液流速并动用脸上的肌肉它对大脑降温来说都是必不可少的。
Ontopofthat,deeplyinhalingcoldaircanalterthetemperatureofthebloodinourhead.But,whyisyourbrainhotinthefirstplace?Well,bothexhaustionandsleepdeprivationareknowntoincreaseoverallbraintemperature,whichexplainswhyyawningoccursmoreinthesestates.
更重要的是深呼吸冷空气可以调整大脑内血液温度。不过大脑原先怎么会过热呢?身心疲惫和睡眠缺乏都会导致大脑温度升高,这就解释了为什么这些情况下人更爱打哈欠。
Researchershaveevenfoundparticipantswhoplacewarmpacksontheirheadsyawn41%ofthetimewhilewatchingothersyawn,asopposedto9%withacoldpackontheirhead,Soifyourheadisalreadycold,youwillyawnless.But,whataboutcontagious,orsocialyawning?Humans,primates,andevendogsfindingyawningcontagiousandit'smostlikelylinkedtoempathy.Contagiousyawningbeginsinchildrenaroundtheageof4-5,andthisiswhenempatheticbehavior,alongwiththeabilitytoidentifyingemotions,begintodevelop.
研究者发现头上放了热水袋的参与者在看其他人打哈欠时有41%的时候也会打哈欠,而头上放了冷水袋的只有9%。因此大脑越“冷静”哈欠就越少。不过受他人传染的哈欠是怎么回事?人类灵长类甚至犬类都会被传染打哈欠这很可能与“共情”有关。儿童在4-5岁的时候开始被哈欠传染,同一时期同情性行为,以及辨识情绪的能力开始逐渐发育。
Infact,childrenwithempathyrelateddisorders,suchasautism,yawnlessandresponsetovideosofpeopleyawningcomparingtootherchildren.Researchalsosuggestthatyouaremorelikelytocopytheyawnofsomeonesociallyorgeneticallyclosetoyou.Evendogsaremorelikelytocopytheyawnsoftheirownerasopposedtotheyawnofastranger.
事实上患有与共情相关疾病的儿童如自闭症,在观看打哈欠视频的时候比其他孩子打哈欠更少。研究表明当身边有亲人或者朋友打哈欠时你更容易被传染。甚至狗相对于陌生人更容易受主人哈欠的传染。
Finally,mirrorneuronsalsoplayarole,Inourbrain,mirrorneuronfirewhenweperformaspecificactionviewsomeoneelsedoingtheaction,orevenjusthearsomeonetalkabouttheaction.Theyareimportantbraincellsthatareusedforlearning,self-awareness,andrelatingtoothers,Whenweviewsomeoneelseyawn,themirrorneuronsinourbrainbecomeactivatedinasimilarway,andasaresultwecopytheyawn.
最后镜像神经元对此也有功劳。在我们大脑内镜像神经元会在我们看到他人做出特定动作时产生冲动,甚至仅在听别人说到动作时也会。它们是重要的脑神经细胞作用于学习自我意识,以及于他人相处。当我们看到其他人打哈欠时大脑内的镜像神经元进入类似的活跃状态使得我们被传染打了哈欠。
Soalthoughyawningmayoccurinpeoplewhoareliterallyhot-headed,contagiousyawningallowsustobecoolwiththepeoplearoundus.
因此头脑发热的人可能会打哈欠,传染性的哈欠也是让我们与周围的人冷静相处。
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