医学英语阅读第14期:选择合适的运动(1) 医学英语阅读第14期:选择合适的运动(1)医学英语阅读第14期:选择合适的运动(1)

医学英语阅读第14期:选择合适的运动(1)

ChoosingtheRightExercise(1)

Therearemanyformsofexercise,andeachtypehasitsadvantagesanddisadvantages.Differentformsofexercise(forexample,taichi,Pilates,andspinning)arealsocontinuallybeingdeveloped.Somepeopleprefertoexerciseinagymorathome(perhapsfollowingavideo),whereasothersprefertoexerciseoutdoors.Somepeoplehaveaverystructuredexerciseroutine,whereasotherssimplyincorporateexerciseintotheirlifestyle,forexample,bywalkingratherthandriving,parkingfartherawayfromtheirdestination,orwalkingupstairsratherthanusinganelevator.

运动方法多种多样,每种运动都有自己的优缺点。不同形式的运动(例如太极、普拉提和动感单车)也不断发展。有人喜欢在家或健身房锻炼(可能跟着录像);而另一些人喜欢在户外运动。有人有规律的运动计划,而有的人喜欢将锻炼和日常生活相结合,比如用步行代替开车,或将车停在离目的地较远的地方;不坐电梯改爬楼梯等。

Choosingtherightexerciseisamatteroffindinganactivitythathelpspeopleachievetheirfitnessgoalsandissafe,sustainable,andenjoyable(oratleasttolerable).Exerciseshouldalsooffersomedegreeofchallengesothattheexerciseincreasesorsustainsfitnesslevels.Peopleonbloodthinners,withseizures,orwithcertainmedicaldisorders(forexample,heart,liver,orkidneydisorders)shoulddiscussrestrictionswiththeirphysicianbeforestartinganewexercise.

选择合适运动方式,是指找到一种既安全,可持续,能带来乐趣(最起码能忍受)的运动项目,又能达到健身目的。锻炼还需设定不同程度和目标,否则运动的收益甚微。

Walking步行

Walkingisawell-balancedformofexerciseformostpeople,regardlessofage.Manypeopleareabletomaintainamodestleveloffitnessthrougharegularwalkingprogram.Walkingisrelativelyeasyonthejoints.Duringwalking,atleastonefootisonthegroundatalltimes,sotheforcewithwhichthefootstrikesthegroundisnevermuchmorethantheperson’sweight.However,walkingexpendsfewercaloriesthandoesrunningandplacesfewerdemandsontheheart.Walkingslowlywillnotmakeapersonveryfit.

走路是广泛适用于大多数人的一种运动,不受年龄限制。很多老年人通过有计划的走路活动来达到强身健体的效果。走路对于关节的损伤较小。行走过程中,总有一只脚落地,这就使得下肢负担不会过大。不过,相对于跑步来说,走路在消耗卡路里以及增强心脏功能方面并不是很有优势。慢走对于一个人来说并不能达到理想的健身目的。

Towalkfaster,apersoncantakelongerstepsandmovethelegsfaster.Stepscanbelengthenedbyswivelingthehipsfromsidetosidesothatthefeetcanreachfurtherforward.Swivelingthehipstendstomakethetoespointoutwardwhenthefeettouchtheground,sothetoesdonotreachasfarforwardastheywouldiftheywerepointedstraightahead.Inaddition,excessivehipswivelingcanstrainthehipjoints,contributingtoosteoarthritis.Therefore,apersonshouldalwaystrytopointthetoesstraightaheadwhilewalking,unlessthispositioncausesdiscomfort.

为了加快走路速度,人们可在加快步伐同时放大步子。而走路时左右摇摆髋部也可使腿迈得更远,增大步长。摇摆髋部可让脚趾先沾地,而如果迈步方向不正的话,有可能不能迈到最大距离。此外,髋部扭转过度可能扭伤髋关节,促发骨关节炎。因此走路时应始终尽力让脚趾朝前,除非这种姿势引起不适。

Movingthearmsfasterhelpsthefeetmovefaster.Tomovethearmsfaster,apersonbendstheelbowstoshortentheswingandreducethetimethearmstaketoswingbackandforthfromtheshoulder.Peoplewithinstability(whetherduetopoorbalanceorweakness)orseverejointinjurymayfindwalkingdifficult.Also,evenvigorouswalkingdoesnotstrengthentheupperbodyandhaslittlestrengtheningeffectonthelowerbodyunlessthepersonisinitiallyverydeconditioned.

快速摆臂也有助于加快步伐。摆臂过程中,应弯曲肘部,从而缩短前后摆臂时间。有严重关节损伤的个体,采用走路健身比较困难。即便是高强度走路活动,对上半身也没什么锻炼效果;而除了一般条件非常差的人,走路对下半身的锻炼效果也并不理想。

Swimming游泳

Swimmingexercisesthewholebody—thelegs,arms,andback—withoutstrainingmostjointsandmuscles.Often,swimmingisrecommendedforpeoplewhohavemuscleandjointproblems.Anexceptionistheshoulderjoint,whichcansometimesbestressed,contributingtorotatorcuffdisorders.Swimmers,movingattheirownpaceandusinganystroke,cangraduallyincreaseenduranceuntiltheycanswimfor30minutescontinuously.

游泳可使全身得到锻炼,包括腿、手臂和背部等部位,同时不会扭伤关节和肌肉。游泳经常被推荐给肌肉和关节有问题的人。但肩关节除外,因为肩关节有时会有压力,促发肩袖疾病(肩袖损伤/肩峰下滑囊炎)。用适合自己的节奏和姿势游泳,当可以持续游30分钟时,他们的耐力就已逐渐增长起来。

Forweightloss,exerciseoutofwaterisslightlymoreeffectivethanotherexercisesofasimilarintensityinthewaterbecauseairinsulatesthebody,increasingbodytemperatureandmetabolismforupto18hours.Thisprocessexpendsextracaloriesafterexerciseaswellasduringexercise.Incontrast,waterconductsheatawayfromthebody,sothatbodytemperaturedoesnotriseandmetabolismdoesnotremainincreasedafterswimming.Also,swimmingtendsnottobuildmuscle,becausethemusclesaresupportedbythewater,whichrestrictsthetypeofmovementsthemusclesmake.Andbecauseswimmingisnotaweight-bearingexercise,itdoesnothelppreventosteoporosis.

对于减重,水外运动比同等强度的水中运动更有效一些,是因为空气将身体隔离,当运动时间长于18小时,体温和代谢可明显升高。这个过程可像运动中一样,运动过后增加卡路里消耗。与之相反,水可为身体导热,体温不会提高,游泳过后的代谢将不会持续。同时,水将肌肉支撑起来,限制肌肉运动,不利于锻炼肌肉。游泳不是承重运动,无助于预防骨质疏松。

Bicycling骑自行车

Ridingabicycleisgoodexerciseforcardiovascularfitness.Pedalingabicyclestrengthenstheupperlegmuscles.Bicyclesarepedaledinasmoothcircularmotionthatdoesnotjoltthemuscles.Aridercanenjoythevarietyandchallengesofdifferentscenesandterrains.

骑自行车对提高心血管柔韧性很好,可加强大腿部肌肉。骑自行车可加强大腿肌肉。骑自行车时进行的是平稳圆周运动,不会摇摆肌肉。骑自行车可享受不同环境和地势带来的变化和挑战。

However,bicyclingcanbeharmfulinsomepeoplewithkneedisordersbecausethereisgreatershearingforceonthekneejointthanwithsomeotheractivities,suchaswalking.Bicyclingrequiresbalance.Somepeoplecannotmaintainbalance,evenonastationarybicycle,andothersfindthepressureofthenarrowseatagainstthepelvisuncomfortable.Also,outdoorbicyclingmayinvolverisksoffalls,cars,traffic,andotherroadhazards.

然而,骑自行车相比于走路等运动,会给膝关节更大剪切力,对于膝关节有问题的人并不合适。骑自行车需要保持平衡。有些人不能在骑车时保持平衡,有些人会在车座顶着臀部时会感觉十分不舒服。同时,户外骑自行车还会有交通危险。

Withastationarybicycle,thetensiononthebicyclewheelshouldbesetsothattheridercanpedalatacadenceof60rotationsperminute.Astheyprogress,riderscangraduallyincreasethetensionandthecadenceupto90rotationsperminute.Arecumbentstationarybicycleisbothsecureandcomfortable.Ithasacontouredchairthatevenapersonwhohashadastrokecansiton.Also,ifonelegisparalyzed,toeclipscanholdbothfeetinplace,sothatthepersoncanpedalwithoneleg.

对于室内的固定自行车,应该设定好踏板上的力度,使速度接近每分钟60圈。随着锻炼进行,力度可逐渐增加,速度也可加至每分钟90圈。一个可平卧的固定车即安全又舒服。它装有即使卒中患者也可坐在上面的波状外形座椅。同时,假如一条腿瘫痪了,脚趾框夹可将两条腿合在一起,使运动者用一条腿骑车。

Arecumbentstationarybicycleisaparticularlygoodchoiceforolderpeoplewhohaveweakupperlegmuscles.Havingweakupperlegmusclesmakesrisingfromasquattingposition,gettingupfromachairwithoutusingthehands,orwalkingupstairswithoutholdingontotherailingdifficult.

对于老年人来说,大腿肌肉力量减弱,可卧的固定自行车是非常好的选择。如果大腿肌肉减弱,由蹲位站起,从椅子上直接站起,上楼梯不扶栏杆等动作将会很艰难。

致热爱学习的你

小林老师送你

100G

免费英语学习资料,

马上点击左下角

【阅读原文】

领取吧!

图文编辑:

王衍鸣(苏州大学2014级护理学专业)

版权申明: 本站文章来源于网络或网友自行上传,如果有侵权行为请联系站长及时删除。

赞 ( 1) 打赏

评论

9+4=

此站点使用Akismet来减少垃圾评论。 了解我们如何处理您的评论数据