SECTION1
第一部分
A71-year-oldwomanpresentedwitha1-weekhistoryofprogressiveweaknessinvolvingherlowerextremities,leadingtoaninabilitytowalk.Shealsonoticeddiminishedsensationinherlowerextremities.Shedidnotcomplainofbowelorbladderdysfunction.Shedidnothaveanyneurologicsymptomsinherupperextremities.Sheexperiencedanupperrespiratorytractinfection5dayspriortothestartofthesesymptomsandwastreatedwithantibiotics.Therewasnohistoryofheadache,impairedcognition,orspeechimpairment.
岁女性以双下肢进行性无力1周为主诉入院,现患者无法行走,同时伴有双下肢感觉减退。患者无尿便障碍(肠道或膀胱功能障碍)。患者双上肢无任何神经系统症状。患者起病前5天有上呼吸道感染史,应用抗生素治疗。否认有头痛、认知减退或言语障碍等病史。
Herexaminationrevealednormalhighermentalfunctionsandintactcranialnervefunctionbilaterally.Shehadincreasedtoneinbothlowerextremities,andmusclestrengthwas3/5atthehipsand2/5atthekneesandankles.Theweaknesswasinapyramidaldistributionwiththeflexorsmoreaffectedthanextensors.Sensoryexaminationrevealeddiminishedvibrationandjointpositionsenseuptoherknees;asensorylevelforfinetouchandpinprickwasdetectedatapproximatelytheT6level.Shehadexaggeratedreflexesinherlowerextremitieswithnoclonusandhadextensorplantarresponsesbilaterally.
体检示高级神经功能正常,双侧颅神经检查正常。患者双下肢肌张力增高,髋部肌力3/5级,膝和踝部肌力2/5级。屈肌无力重于伸肌,呈锥体束分布。感觉检查示双膝关节以下震动觉和关节位置觉减退,大约在T6水平检测到精细触觉和针刺觉感觉障碍平面。患者双下肢腱反射亢进,无肌阵挛,双侧伸性跖反射阳性。
Questionstoconsider
1.Whatisthelocalizationoftheproblem?
2.Whatarethelikelyetiologies?
3.Whatwouldyoudonext?
需要考虑的问题
病变的定位?
可能的病因?
下一步需要完成的检查?
SECTION2
第二部分
Theinvolvementofmultiplelongtracts,increasedtone,hyperreflexia,sensorylevelatT6,andnosymptomsorsignsintheupperextremitiespointtoalesioninthethoracicspinalcord.
患者存在双侧锥体束征(多发长束受累)、肌张力增高、腱反射亢进、T6感觉平面,不伴有上肢症状或体征,提示胸髓病变。
Theevolutionofthesecomplaintsoveraweekwouldmakeavascularetiologyunlikely,andthedifferentialforthispatientincludesdemyelinating,inflammatory,infectious,neoplastic,compressive,andmetaboliccauses.
Inapatientpresentingwithanacuteonsetofclinicalfeaturesconsistentwithamyelopathy,anurgentMRIofthespinewithcontrastshouldbeobtainedtoruleoutcompressivecausesthatwouldrequireurgentsurgicalintervention.
患者症状进展持续1周,不支持血管性病因,需要鉴别的疾病有脱髓鞘性、炎症性、感染性、肿瘤性、压迫性及代谢性疾病。患者以急性脊髓病临床表现起病,急需脊髓MRI平扫+增强除外压迫性病变,后者可能需要急诊手术治疗。
AnMRIofthespinewasobtained,whichdemonstratedalongitudinallyextensiveintramedullaryspinalcordlesionextendingfromT6toT12(
figure
).Duetohercompromisedrenalfunction,gadoliniumcontrastcouldnotbeadministered.Adiagnosisoftransversemyelitis,possiblypostinfectious,wasmade,andshewasstartedonIVmethylprednisolone1gdailyfor5days.
脊髓MRI检查示长节段脊髓内病变累及T6-T12(
)。由于患者存在肾功能减退,未接受钆增强扫描。患者诊断为横贯性脊髓炎(感染后可能),予甲强龙1gQD静滴5天。
Questiontoconsider
1.GiventheMRIfindings,whatwouldthedifferentialdiagnosisbe?
需要考虑的问题
基于MRI检查结果,可能的鉴别诊断?
SECTION3
第三部分
Longitudinallyextensivetransversemyelitis(LETM)isatermusedtodescribeconfluentlesionsextendingmorethan3spinalcordsegments.ThedifferentialdiagnosisforLETMisfairlybroadandadetailedlistofcausesisgiveninthetable.LETMhasgainedrecognitionrecentlyasbeingsuspiciousforneuromyelitisoptica(NMO)andispartofthediagnosticcriteriaforthiscondition.
Duetoconcernforthisdiagnosis,imagingofthebrainwas
obtained
长节段横断性脊髓炎(LETM)用于描述超过3个脊髓节段的融合病变。LETM的鉴别诊断很多,详见下表。近年来,很多人认识到LETM可能提示视神经脊髓炎(NMO),并作为NMO的诊断标准之一。因为考虑到这一诊断,进行了头影像学检查。
表格LETM的病因
炎症性
非炎症性
自身免疫性
肿瘤性
视神经脊髓炎
脊髓内转移
干燥综合征
脊髓内肿瘤,比如室管膜瘤,血管内淋巴瘤
系统性红斑狼疮
副肿瘤综合征——CRMP5抗体
神经结节病
神经白塞病
多发性硬化
急性播散性脑脊髓炎
感染性
代谢性
维生素B12缺乏
铜缺乏
3.HIV
4.HTLV-1
血吸虫病
犬弓蛔虫
类感染性(Parainfectious)
血管性
1.EB
脊髓梗死
巨细胞病毒
脊髓硬膜动静脉瘘
单纯疱疹病毒
支原体
水痘带状疱疹病毒
放疗相关性
MRIofthebrainrevealedmultipleT2hyperintenselesionsbilaterallybothinfratentoriallyandsupratentorially,asdemonstratedinthe
figure
,BandC.
颅脑MRI示颅内双侧多发幕上及幕下T2高信号病灶,如
C所示。
ImagingfeaturesonspinalMRIcanhelprefinethedifferentialdiagnosisofLETM.Multiplesclerosis(MS)cordlesionsareusuallyperipheral,involvepartofthecord,andhaveshortlongitudinalextent.NMOlesionsaretypicallycentral,T1hypointense,andcausecordexpansion.AcutedisseminatedencephalomyelitisspinalcordlesionsaresimilartoMSlesions,butMRIbrainusuallyshowslargeconfluentlesionswithbasalgangliainvolvement.Spinalcordinfarctsinvolveanteriorcordwithsparingofthedorsalcolumns,whileduralarteriovenousfistulasusuallyshowT2hyperintensityinthemidthoraciccordwithflowvoidsseeninthethecalsac.
脊髓MRI特征有助于LETM的鉴别诊断。多发性硬化(MS)病灶通常位于脊髓外周,呈短节段病灶。NMO病灶通常位于脊髓中心,T1呈低信号,并造成脊髓肿胀。急性播散性脑脊髓炎的脊髓病灶特点类似MS病灶,颅脑病灶通常表现为多个大片融合病灶,并累及基底节区。脊髓梗死累及前索,而背柱不受累。硬膜动静脉瘘通常表现为胸髓中段T2高信号伴有硬膜囊流空信号。
Thepatientalsounderwentalumbarpuncture,whichrevealedleukocytecount1cell/mm
,erythrocytecount2cells/mm
,protein47mg/dL,glucose57mg/dL(serumglucose104mg/dL),immunoglobulinGindex0.6,negativecytology,andnooligoclonalbands.CSFvaricella-zostervirusserology,herpessimplexvirusPCR,VenerealDiseaseResearchLaboratory,andLymeserologywerenegative.Paraneoplasticpanel,serumB12,folate,thyroid-stimulatinghormone,copper,zinc,antinuclearantibodies,rheumatoidfactor,SS-A,SS-B,andNMOantibodywerewithinnormallimits.
患者行腰椎穿刺术检查示脑脊液白细胞计数为1个/mm
,红细胞计数为1个/mm
,蛋白为47mg/dl,葡萄糖为57mg/dl(血糖为104mg/dl),免疫球蛋白G指数为0.6,细胞学检查阴性,没有寡克隆带。CSF水痘带状疱疹病毒血清学、单纯疱疹病毒PCR、VDRL检查、莱姆病血清学检查均阴性。副肿瘤筛查(Paraneoplasticpanel)、血清维生素B12、叶酸、TSH、铜、锌、ANA、RF、SS-A、SS-B和NMO抗体均在正常范围。
ThepatientdidnotimprovewithIVsteroidsandcontinuedtoworsenintermsofherlowerextremitystrengthandsensation.Acourseofplasmaexchangewasinitiatedforthepossibilityofasteroid-resistantdemyelinatingdisease.MultiplestudieshaveshownbenefitfromplasmaexchangeinfulminantCNSinflammatorydemyelinatingdiseases.
4,5
Nevertheless,overthenext2weeks,shedidnotrespondtoplasmaexchangeandhadnobenefitfromphysicaltherapy.
接受激素治疗后,患者双下肢无力和感觉减退症状并未改善,反倒继续加重。考虑可能存在激素抵抗的脱髓鞘疾病,患者开始接受血浆置换治疗。多个研究表明,对于暴发性CNS炎性脱髓鞘性疾病,血浆置换治疗可以获益。但患者对随后2周的血浆置换治疗无反应,物理治疗也没有效果。
Questiontoconsider
1.Howwouldyoufurtherrefinethediagnosis?
需要考虑的问题
如何进一步明确诊断?
SECTION4
第四部分
Repeatimagingshowedsomeprogressionofthelongitudinalextentofthespinalcordlesionandstablebrainlesions.Atthispoint,abrainbiopsywasconsidered,giventhelackofresponsetotherapydirectedatinflammatoryanddemyelinatingdisease.
反复影像学检查发现脊髓长节段病灶有所进展,而颅内病灶稳定。这时,由于针对炎性脱髓鞘性疾病的治疗反应不佳,所以考虑进行脑活检。
Brainbiopsyofafrontallobelesionwasperformedandrevealedmetastaticsmall-cellcarcinoma.CTchestwasthendoneandrevealedalefthilarmasssuggestiveofaneoplasm.Thehilarmasswasnotbiopsiedduetothepositivebrainbiopsyandradiologicappearanceofthemass.AdiagnosisoflongitudinallyextensivespinalcordlesionsecondarytointramedullarymetastasisfromstageIVsmall-celllungcancerwasmade.Shewasseenbytheoncologyserviceandchemotherapywasinitiated.However,shecontinuedtoworsenandwasultimatelytransferredtohospice.
额叶病灶脑活检提示转移性小细胞癌。胸部CT提示左侧肺门肿块,肿瘤可能。由于脑活检结果及肿块影像学表现,未对肺门肿块进行活检。长节段脊髓病变考虑为继发于IV期小细胞肺癌的脊髓内转移。请肿瘤科会诊后,患者接受化疗。然而,患者症状持续恶化,最终转院至临终关怀医院。
DISCUSSION
LETMhasabroaddifferentialdiagnosis.However,themostcommoncausesofLETMareinflammatorydemyelinatingdiseasessuchasNMOandpostinfectiousencephalomyelitis.ThepresenceofnumerousbrainlesionsmakesNMOlesslikely,thoughbrainlesionsmayoccurinpatientswithNMO,producingtheso-calledNMOspectrumdisorder(NMOSD).
NMOSDbrainlesionsareusuallyasymptomaticandmayconsistofperiependymallesionsaroundtheventricularsystem,extensivehemisphericlesions,andlesionsintheinternalcapsuleandcerebralpeduncles.
NMOimmunoglobulinGoraquaporin-4antibodypositivitywasincludedinthediagnosticcriteriaforNMOin2006andimprovedrecognitionofthedisease.ItshouldbenotedthatthesensitivityofNMOIgGvariesindifferentseriesfrom51%to90%,whileitsspecificityliesbetween91%and100%.
LETM
需要鉴别诊断的疾病很多。然而,LETM最常见的病因是炎性脱髓鞘性疾病,诸如NMO和感染后脑脊髓炎。颅内存在多发病灶不支持NMO,不过,NMO患者也可有颅内病灶,就是所谓NMO谱系病(NMOSD)。NMOSD患者颅内病灶通常是无症状性,包括围绕脑室系统的室管膜周病变、广泛的半球病变以及位于内囊、大脑脚的病变。2006年,NMO免疫球蛋白G和AQP-4抗体阳性被纳入NMO的诊断标准,改善了对本病的认识。应该注意的是,NMOIgG的敏感性在各个研究中不同,从51%到90%,而特异性为91%-100%。
PostinfectiousencephalomyelitiscancauseLETMandbrainlesions,similartothoseofourpatient.Arecentprospectivestudydescribedtheclinicalfeaturesandcourseofpostinfectiousneurologicsyndromes.
Theserangedfromisolatedencephalitisormyelitistomorediffuseencephalomyeloradiculoneuritis.Patientswithpostinfectiousneurologicsyndromeswereolder,hadmoresevereneurologicdisabilityatonsetandpooreroutcomes,andweremoreresistanttosteroidtreatmentthanpatientswithMS.
Incontrasttoourpatient,almost90%ofpatientswithpostinfectiousneurologicsyndromeshadelevatedCSFcountssuggestinginflammation,inadditiontoelevatedCSFproteinlevels.
感染后脑脊髓炎可引起LETM和颅内病变,表现可类似我们的患者。最近一项前瞻性研究对感染后神经综合征的临床特征及病程进行研究。研究涵盖了孤立的脑炎或脊髓炎到弥散性脑脊髓脊神经根神经炎。感染后神经综合征的患者年龄更大,起病时神经功能障碍更严重,预后更差,比MS患者对激素治疗反应更差。与我们的患者不同,将近90%的感染后神经综合征患者CSF细胞计数升高(提示有炎症),此外蛋白水平也升高。
IntramedullaryspinalcordmetastasespresentingasLETMarerarelyencountered.
Intramedullaryspinalcordmetastasesareseeninonly0.1%–0.4%ofcancerpatients.
Inarecentretrospectivereviewofintramedullaryspinalcordmetastases,theywerethepresentingfeaturein20%ofpatients.
Theunderlyingmalignancywaslungcancerin50%,followedbyrenalcarcinoma,breastcancer,andmelanoma.AlmostallintramedullaryspinalcordmetastasesinthisreviewexhibitedenhancementwithgadoliniumandhadextensiveedemaonT2-weightedsequencesaboveandbelowthemetastasis.
Inourpatient,thediagnosismighthavebeenfacilitatedifgadoliniumcontrasthadbeenadministered,asthiscouldhaverevealedanenhancingnodulewithinthelongitudinallyextensivespinalcordlesion.
以LETM为表现的脊髓内转移很罕见,仅见于0.1-0.4%癌症患者。最近一项脊髓内转移的回顾性研究表明,只有20%的患者有一定的表现特征(临床或影像学表现,译者注)。50%的患者潜在的恶性肿瘤是肺癌,其次分别是肾癌、乳腺癌和黑色素瘤。在这份文献综述中,几乎所有脊髓内转移病灶钆增强扫描均有强化,T2序列上转移病灶周围有广泛的水肿。我们的患者如果可以进行钆增强扫描的话,可能有助于诊断,因为增强扫描可能会提示长节段脊髓病变内可见强化的结节。
Someofthecluespointingusawayfromaninflammatorycauseinourpatientwerethepatient’sadvancedage,lackofpleocytosisintheCSF,andlackofresponsetosteroidsandplasmaexchange.Itshouldalsobenotedthatinourcasetheterm“myelitis”isamisnomer,sincethereisnoinflammatorylesionofthecord.ThiscasehighlightstheimportanceofrecognizingthebroaddifferentialdiagnosisofLETMandappropriatelyutilizinginvasivetestssuchasbrainbiopsywhenpatientsdonothavetheexpectedresponsetotherapy,especiallywhenimagingandlaboratorystudiesdonotfullysupporttheworkingdiagnosis.
提示我们的患者不是炎性疾病的线索是患者年龄较大,CSF没有细胞数异常增多,对激素和血浆置换没有明显的反应。应该注意的是,对于我们的患者,脊髓炎是一个误称,因为患者脊髓不存在炎性病变。该病例不仅突出了认识LETM鉴别诊断的重要性,也强调了在患者对治疗反应差时运用诸如脑活检等有创性操作的重要性,尤其是当影像学和实验室检查结果不能支持目前诊断时。
(全文终)
诗句赏析
海内存知己,天涯若比邻。
Abosomfriendafarbringsdistancenear.
编辑:李会琪
【招聘】李神经群招募英语文献翻译及审校人员的公告
10000+人邂逅您的作品--【李神经公众号投稿指南】
李神经群招贤榜--招募病历讨论总结员,公众号编辑的通知【公告】
如何进李神经会诊中心群?
版权申明: 本站文章来源于网络或网友自行上传,如果有侵权行为请联系站长及时删除。
最新评论
03-07
10-28
03-07
03-07
03-07
03-07